четверг, 28 июня 2007 г.

The Cigarette

The written history of the cigarette dates back to the 15th century when Christopher Columbus observed Indians rolling tobacco in maize or palm leaves. In the 16th Century, the poor of Seville collected tobacco scraps and rolled them into paper (papeletes). Portuguese traders carried these cigarillos to the Levant, thus giving birth to the Turkish cigarette. In his memoirs, the 18th Century adventurer Casanova reports smoking a cigarette. Cigarettes spread through Europe in the wake of the Napoleonic wars (1792-1815) and became common towards the middle of the century. In the 1840s the cigarette industry was born, although cigarettes were still rolled by hand, mainly by women. In 1881 the cigarette-rolling machine was invented, increasing production exponentially. Offering a cigarette and a light became a ritual of sociability. The two World Wars helped spread the habit widely (Le Mecanicien de Fernand Leger en 1917). During the 1920s women took up smoking as a sign of modernity. The development of mass media and advertising in the late 19th and 20th Century played a decisive role in securing the popularity of cigarettes. Today 93 percent of the world's tobacco is consumed as cigarettes.

Understanding descriptors

Smokers should consider the following when choosing a cigarette product: A smoker should not assume that brand descriptors such as "light" or "ultra light" indicate with precision either the actual amount of tar and nicotine inhaled from any particular cigarette, or the relative amount as compared to competing cigarette brands. Some researchers report that smokers of "light" cigarettes inhale as much tar and nicotine as from full-flavor brands. The amount of tar and nicotine inhaled will be higher, for example, if a smoker blocks ventilation holes, inhales more deeply, takes more puffs or smokes more cigarettes. PM USA does not imply in our marketing, and smokers should not assume, that lower-yielding brands are safe or safer than full-flavor brands. There is no safe cigarette. "Medium," "mild," "light" and "ultra light" cigarettes are no exception. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has stated that "smoking 'low tar' or 'light' cigarettes does not eliminate the health risks of smoking. If you're concerned about the health risks of smoking, stop smoking ... There's no such thing as a safe smoke." The National Cancer Institute Monograph 13 press release includes a link to the full study: "Risks Associated with Smoking Cigarettes with Low Machine-Measured Yields of Tar and Nicotine." As of today, there is no cigarette on the market which public health organizations endorse as offering "reduced risk." If smokers are concerned about the risks of smoking, quitting is by far their best alternative for reducing those risks. Because smokers have varying preferences, PM USA offers products with differing yields of tar and nicotine, as measured by machine methods. We believe that it is appropriate to differentiate our brands on this basis and that descriptors such as "light," "ultra light," "medium" and "mild" help communicate these differences to adult smokers. TobaccoWizard.com offers large variety of cheap and discounted cigarettes for very low price.

Understanding Tar & Nicotine Numbers: What They Mean and What They Don't Mean

No two smokers smoke cigarettes exactly the same way. The average tar and nicotine yield numbers that are reported for cigarette brands are not meant (and were never intended) to communicate the precise amount of tar or nicotine inhaled by any individual smoker from any particular cigarette. These numbers come from standardized testing methods, which compare different brands when smoked by a machine under identical laboratory conditions. As regulators have said since their introduction, these tests - including those developed in cooperation with the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) - show the relative differences in yields among brands, assuming that each brand is held and smoked the same way as it is in the machine. It is reported that some consumers believe that their cigarette delivers exactly the amount of tar and nicotine from each cigarette that the test reports. The FTC told smokers that "in looking at 'tar' and nicotine numbers, you need to know that the amount of 'tar' and nicotine you get will vary significantly depending on how you smoke the cigarettes." Using the tar numbers as a reference point, we describe some of our brands with terms such as "lights," "ultra-lights," "medium" and "mild." However, these brand descriptors, like the reported numbers themselves, have never indicated precisely how much tar or nicotine a particular smoker will inhale at any given time. Although we believe that descriptors serve as useful points of comparison for cigarette brands regarding characteristics such as strength of taste and reported tar yields, we do not imply in our marketing, and smokers should not assume, that "lights," "ultra-lights," "medium," and "mild" brands are safe or safer than full-flavor brands. An additional word for smokers who may be interested in obtaining less tar and nicotine from their cigarettes: It is reported that smokers "compensate" for the reduced tar and nicotine yields of some brands by smoking them differently than they would higher yield brands. For example, they may take more or larger puffs, smoke more of the cigarette or block ventilation holes that contribute to the lower reported yields of some brands. Generally speaking, the more intensely a smoker smokes a cigarette, the more tar and nicotine he or she will inhale from that cigarette. We have provided links on this page that directly access views of the public health community regarding lower-tar cigarettes and articles related to "compensatory" smoking behavior. TobaccoWizard.com offers mild and low tar cigarettes for a very cheap price.

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